Describe the components of a case brief Assignment

Describe the components of a case brief - Assignment Example The legal defense or claim section ensures that all relevant facts are included; the facts relating to an event are normally organized in chronological order and organized separately as they are deemed to be relevant to every issue (Okrent, 2009). After the facts have been presented, the procedural history of the case is included. This is the history of the case from the time a lawsuit was filed until it came before the court (Jmls, nd). For example, lower courts’ decisions and the reasons for those decisions are presented in this section. Yet again, the decisions of any intermediate courts as well as the basis of those decisions and the parties that appealed are included. In many cases, the procedural history is then followed by the issue. The issue is a legal question the court seeks to resolve; the question should be answered in ‘yes’ or ‘no’ format. The rule that governs the dispute and the material facts are also included in the issue (Jmls, nd). It is recommended that the parties be identified generally by their relation to the legal claim. The holding or the answer to the issue is then presented in a nest section. It is however noted that the holding does not present the rule of the law. After the holding, the reasoning is always presented according to (Jmls, nd). This is where the court’s explanations and support a decision are included. It also includes the rule of law that the court applied and the rules the court rejected to reach its decision. The reasoning is sometimes referred to as the ‘heart’ of the case brief. In reasoning, the court’s decision policy is included. Notions of judicial economic efficiency, fairness, and justice are given priority over implicit policies that may also underlie the court’s decision. Finally the court’s disposition of the case is presented clearly somewhere at the end of the case

Dissertation again Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Dissertation again - Essay Example This study includes a content analysis based on the literature reviewed, and concludes that the global media in general and the American media in particular portrayed the Muslim world and Islam negatively; displaying a heightened fear, hatred, and hostility toward the said community. The terrorist attacks on the twin towers on September 11, 2001 changed, perhaps forever, the manner in which the world in general, and the Western world in particular perceived Islam and Muslims. As the media carried news about the terror attacks and the men behind it, the majority of whom were identified as Arabs from the Middle East, the perception of Muslims changed drastically. The sheer scale of the attack and extent of damage caused due to the attacks that deliberately targeted one of Americas greatest symbols of capitalism, power and world supremacy brought a relatively obscure facet of Islam to the forefront and in international spotlight. It now began to be perceived as highly violent, intolerant, and hostile to the western world. The cover story on News Week titled Muslim Rage, is a case in point. Islam has been depicted as a united group of people who share no similarities with the western world, and are intimidating, aggressive, intolerant and hostile to it. This image of Islam is drastically different to that of the educated, liberal, and secular West. The difference was apparent after the 9/11 attacks and the conflict inevitable. The events of September 11, only further highlighted it and resulted in differentiating the two and led to the battle of ‘them’ versus ‘us’ (Gunduz, 2007). The American Media increasingly began portraying Islam as intimidating and something to be feared, giving rise to Islamophobia. According to Seib (2004) news coverage of events especially those with political underpinnings thrives on events and

Briefing On Coaching And Mentoring Management Essay

Briefing On Coaching And Mentoring Management Essay This paper will critically assess the main approaches to coaching and mentoring; identify information needed to establish and implement effective strategies for coaching and mentoring; it will also identify the main barriers and blockages to effective coaching and mentoring; and lastly, it will expand on the requirements of an effective coaching and mentoring strategy. This paper will provide answer to the following questions: Identify and critically analyse the barriers and blockages that may occur to the successful implementation of a coaching and mentoring scheme at Coca-Cola Foods Identify management strategies that could be used to overcome blockages. Discuss the role played by key workplace stakeholders in enabling a learning culture in the workplace and identify how they could be used to help ensure that coaching and mentoring scheme was fully accepted and allowed to run successfully. What is coaching and mentoring? According to a journal from the (CIMA) website titled technical briefing: mentoring and coaching (2002), there is no universal definition for either of the terms (coaching and mentoring), as it can be defined differently in different contexts. For example: in Australia, wild life coaching is likely to be associated with humanistic psychology, whereas in the UK, is more likely to be associated with fringe medicine (Clutterbuck, D., 2008). However, in this paper coaching and mentoring is discussed in an organisational context. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) factsheet (2011) describes coaching and mentoring as a development technique used to enhance an individuals skills, knowledge or work performance based on the use of one-to-one discussion. Parsloe (1999, p8) defined coaching as, a process that enables learning and development to occur and thus performance to improve. He also added that in order to become a successful coach, one will need a comprehensive understanding of the various process, styles, skills, and techniques appropriate to different coaching situations. On the other hand, mentoring relates primarily to the identification and nurturing of potential for the whole person (Megginson Clutterbuck, 2005). In other words, a mentor acts as an adviser, counsellor, role model, and also, helps the client build a wider network from which to learn and influence. The differences between coaching and mentoring. The table below shows the differences between coaching and mentoring (Clutterbuck, 2008; Praxis Paper 14, 2007; CIMA Technical Briefing, January 2002). Coaching Mentoring Addresses performance in some aspect of an individuals work or life. Often associated with the entire development and career progress of an individuals work or life. More task-oriented, skills-focused, directed and time-bound. More open-ended personal development. Focuses on achieving specific objectives, usually within a preferred time period. Follows an open evolving agenda and deals with a range of issues. Similarities in coaching and mentoring. In some cases, coaching and mentoring share some common features such as: Both coaching and mentoring has to do with asking the right questions in order to generate individual self-awareness which can, in turn, lead to informed decision making, at whatever level of concern. They both offer a medium for analysis, reflection and action that ultimately allows the individual to improve in one more areas of their life or work. Coaching and mentoring are both linked with organizational change initiatives in order to help staff to accept and adapt to changes in a manner consistent with their personal values and goals. Why are coaching and mentoring programs important for organizations? Several organizations use coaching and mentoring programs as a fundamental part of the human resource development approach (Ensher Murphy (2010). Organizations benefit from coaching and mentoring programs as employees increase their sense of loyalty and commitment as a result of effective communication (Ensher Murphy (2010). Coaching and mentoring programs are also used as a tool by organizations to attract new employees, and for the retention of high potential talent. Coaching and mentoring programs offers a preventive option to improve performance before it becomes costly to the organization (Praxis Paper 14, 2007). With todays complex and fast-changing working environment, self-awareness, trust and relationships between managers and employees is vital. Therefore, coaching and mentoring programs offers a two-way relationship with both the individuals and the organizations, providing the opportunity to address such issues in a non-threatening way (Praxis Paper 14, 2007). What types of approaches and models are available for coaching and mentoring? It has been stated that coaching and mentoring can be seen as different styles on a continuum, with different approaches being suitable in different circumstances (Praxis Paper 14, 2007). Coaching Mentoring Figure 1: The Coaching/Mentoring Continuum (Praxis Paper 14, 2007) Main aim: Skills Performance Potential Personal Objectives: Finite/concrete Role/competencies Complex/evolving Style: Directive Non-directive Duration: Shorter Longer The most appropriate approach depends on the main aim of the intervention. These could be: Develop their skills: the coach usually has does a lot of telling and has specific and clear goals on how to develop the coachees skills. In most occasions, they have the expertise in the related field and want to pass it on. Improve their performance: the coach usually pays particular attention to the behaviour of the coachee, allowing the coach to observe any block that could affect the coachees performance. The GROW model can be applied in this situation. The GROW model is a performance coaching model where the coach asks a series of questions relating to the coachees Goal, their Reality, their Options and their Will. Maximise their potential: in this approach, the coach focuses on assisting the coachee to increase and expand their human capacities aiming at producing insight that allows them to see their situation from a different and wider perspective. A tool that can be used in this situation is the OSKAR model (Outcome, Scaling, Know-how and Resources). This model focuses on bringing out the existing skills and capabilities of the coachee to attain their self-defined goals. Proactively become the person they want to be: this approach offers the coachee a chance to stretch and challenge themselves to learn. The coach usually focuses on the coachees whole life (not just work) and does a lot of asking questions and listening. A well suited model for this approach will be the co-active, as it balances is the four corner coaching stones (the client is naturally creative, resourceful and whole; it addresses the clients whole life; the agenda comes from the client; and the relationship is designed alliance) to restore and give fulfilling meaning to the clients life. Stages in developing and implementing effective coaching and mentoring strategies. Burley Pomphrey, 2011cited in Clutterbuck (2003), identifies three main stages for developing and implementing effective coaching and mentoring as: context, process and outcome. These stages will enable the coach decide on the appropriate approach suitable for the intervention. An example of a typical coaching and mentoring process entails (Friday, E. Friday, S.S., 2002): Identifying the various target audiences the programs are to serve; Identifying the criteria for selecting mentees and mentors; Recruiting qualified mentees and mentors; Interviewing and selecting mentees and mentors; Matching and training mentees and mentors; Evaluating the mentee-mentor experience. Putting Coaching and Mentoring into practice: A case study of Coca-Cola Foods To address the first question, this section will briefly describe the company (Coca-Cola Foods) and the coaching and mentoring scheme implemented, it will also identify the barriers and blockages that was encountered during this process. Company overview Coca Cola is the number one manufacturer of soft drinks and also one of the most recognizable brands in the world and in the world. With their headquarters is situated in Atlanta Georgia. Coca-Cola sells nearly 400 different products in more than 200 different countries. 70% of its sales are generated outside of North America. Production is based on the franchise system Coca-Cola coaching and mentoring program (Veale Wachtel, 1996). Human Resource Development is considered as a key to building competitive advantage in Coca-Cola Foods. The company views coaching and mentoring as a tool for directly enhancing performance that is to continuously build employees skills in order to the creation of a high-performing organization. A challenge Coca-Cola was facing was the struggle to maximize and/or optimize their Human Resource Developments contribution to business success. In order to tackle this challenge, the company created a system of mentoring programs tools which included one -on-one mentoring, group mentoring and mentoring self-study. Up with the following approaches: To strengthen the link between business strategy and developmental focus; To involve leadership of the organization in all aspects of development; To use a variety of developmental tools to match personal and organizational needs better. The main aim of the coaching and mentoring program at Coca-Cola is to help the individual (employee) better understand the company and his or her role in it. However, the case study focuses on the coaching and mentoring processes used by the company to develop their employees. To maximize the benefits of coaching and mentoring, Coca-Cola Foods trains managers to establish a communication environment of mutual respect that is problem-focused and change-oriented. Some of the coaching and mentoring models used by Coca-Cola Foods in their training programmes are: The Hersey-Blanchard model with its emphasis on both task and support skills as a requirement of good coaching. This model focuses on using different leadership styles. For example, instead of using just one style, the model encourages successful leaders to change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people theyre leading and the details of the task. Also, the company uses Front-line Leadership programme which has basic principles defining the tone and style of the conversation, and then other modules focused on the formats for communicating to enhance performance. The Front-line Leadership series clearly advocates mutual goal setting, discussion and problem solving within an atmosphere of trust and collaboration. Some potential barriers and blockages that could occur while implementing the coaching and mentoring program. When a coaching and mentoring programme is initiated in an organisation, it is necessary to understand the potential barriers that may occur for both members of the relationship. Considering these in advance and pointing them out to the potential coach and coachee may help to overcome them at an early stage. The incorrect matching of mentors/coaches and coachee/ protà ©gà ©s; The lack of managerial support; The resentment felt by those not involved in the coaching and mentoring programmes, perhaps due to a perception or favouritism; The creation of false promotional expectations; The overdependence of the mentor or mentee; Gender inequality; Blurring of role boundaries There are a number of factors which will contribute towards a successful relationship between mentor and mentee during the coaching and mentoring processes: Commitment and interest of the individuals involved Sufficient resources and organisational support Taking a holistic, personal approach Embedding the process in the organisational context Skills and experience of coaches and mentors Recognition of cross-cultural issues Ensuring an enabling external environment. Managerial strategies that could be used to overcome blockages. There are different ways a mentee can be supported, checked, encouraged and given constructive feedback. With each strategy, it is important to be aware of its purpose, appropriateness, the likely impact and its value to the mentee. Strategies can include: Giving advice offering the mentee your opinion on the best course of action. Giving information giving information on a specific situation (e.g. contact for resource). Taking action in support doing something on the mentees behalf. Observing and giving feedback work shadowing and observation by either or both parties. Observation coupled with constructive feedback is a powerful learning tool. Reviewing reflection on experience can develop understanding allowing one to consider future needs, explore options and strategies. The selection of strategies can be guided by a number of factors, such as: Values and principles underpinning the mentoring scheme in this case, encouraging self sufficiency and empowerment. Shared understanding between mentee and mentor of the purpose behind the mentoring relationship. Quality and level of the professional relationship. Level of experience and need of the mentee. Level of mentors own awareness and comfort with the mentoring process Managers will require the following skills for them to be good coaches and mentors: The role of stakeholders in coaching and mentoring It is crucial for managers to see the value and understand the importance of developing individuals, teams and the overall organisation. The primary relationship in any coaching or mentoring scheme is between the coach/mentor and the individual, but this may not be the only important relationship. Other key stakeholders such as the people representing the organisations interests, in most cases an HR and/or learning and development practitioner, and the individuals manager. All of these parties are interested in improving the individuals performance and therefore their contribution to the organisation. In the case Coca-Cola Foods, a ten-part coaching and mentoring scheme was initiated. Most facilitated mentoring programmes have a formal process which defines each step and audits the ongoing success of the programme. Although these processes will differ somewhat in how they address the needs of the stakeholders, most programmes generally follow procedures similar to those below: Mentees identified: in this step, Coca- Cola Foods identifies the group of people who are eligible for the mentoring programme. This can be done in a variety of ways looking at certain job levels, departments, employee characteristics, etc. Once the target group is defined, specific mentees can be identified by having them volunteer, be nominated by a boss or other sponsor. Identify developmental needs: the developmental needs are determined and an individual development plan is prepared in this stage. This can be done by having the mentees disclose what they think are their developmental needs, having bosses determine these needs, and/or having skill deficiencies revealed through assessment. Identify potential mentors: this step produces a pool of individuals who can serve as mentors. They may volunteer for the role, may be chosen by a mentee, or may be recruited by senior managers. Prior to selection, a mentors general ability and willingness to handle the role should be assessed. Mentor/mentees matching: a mentor is selected for a specific mentee after considering the skills and knowledge needed by the mentee and the ability of the mentor to provide practice or guidance in those areas. Compatibility of styles and personalities can be critical. Mentor and mentee orientation: before the start of the mentoring relationship, an orientation is held for both the mentors and mentees. For mentors this orientation covers time commitments, types of activities, time and budget support, the relationship with the natural boss, reporting requirements and the mentees responsibility for the development. Contracting: a clear agreement is an essential foundation for a good mentoring relationship. It includes a development plan, confidentiality requirement, the duration of the relationship, frequency of the meetings, time to be invested in mentoring activities by each party, and the role of the mentor. Periodic meetings: most mentors and mentees meet for performance planning, coaching, and feedback sessions. The frequency can be determined by the nature of the relationship and by geographical proximity. At these meetings, both parties are candid about progress of the process. Periodic reports: it will be easier to evaluate the success of the mentoring programme if periodic status reports are by both the mentor and mentee. Depending on the level of formality in the programme, this step may or may not occur. Conclusion: a mentoring relationship concludes when the items delineated in the initial agreement have been accomplished or when time/business/budget constraints will prevent the relationships from continuing. It may also be concluded when one of the pair believes it is no longer productive for them to work together. Evaluation and follow-up: after the relationship concludes, both the mentor and mentee are questioned, via interviews or other assessment instruments, about the value of the process, timing, logistics, time constraints and any other valid concerns that could affect the mentoring process. Communication is a plays a major role in building a coach/coachee relationship. Both parties can benefit from analysing a number of key skills (active listening and questioning). The skill of Active Listening Active listening is the ability to listen and internalise what is being said, essentially listening and understanding. You can use your whole self to convey the message of an active listener involved in the discussion, showing interest, gaining trust and respect. This can be achieved by using verbal and non-verbal communication. Using the art of questioning Questioning, if used effectively, is a very useful and powerful tool. It allows the mentee-mentor relationship to develop, assisting the mentee in exploring and understanding their experiences with the hope of formulating avenues and actions for the future. Conclusion The implementation of coaching and mentoring programmes at Coca-Cola was successful, as these programs helped strengthen the company and also fostered professional growth and development for the employees. Because there is a great deal of evidence regarding the important contributions which mentors make to career success, and because Coca-Cola has tied both mentor and coaching programmes to business goals, it would seem that Coca-Cola Foods approach is in line with both the scientific evidence and with recent proponents of achieving competitive advantage through people.

Flying Dreams :: essays papers

Flying Dreams To Fly Has Been a Dream On a bright sunny day with the sky as clear as crystal glass, you peer out into the open sky to the land down below. The door opens in front of you the wind rushes into the aircraft. You step out falling freely away as if you were a bird soaring on the winds of time. You peer back to the aircraft for a brief second to see it speeding away. You feel weightless as the wind roars around you. Looking down you suddenly realize that you are falling towards the earth. Someone once said that the sky is the limit, but in skydiving the ground is the limit. Skydiving is not just a free fall and a parachute ride, but an extreme thrill of events in a short amount of time. Skydiving begins on the ground. The equipment that you use is the most important part of a successful dive. The most important piece is the parachute itself. It must be packed so that there are no knots in the lines and so that the parachute will open properly. The reserve parachute is the second most important piece of equipment. It must be packed by a Federal Aviation Administration rigger every 120 days or after the reserve parachute has been deployed. The third piece is your altimeter that is set and calibrated to altitude at ground level. Several optional pieces of equipment are a helmet, gloves and a skydiving suit. Some jumpers like to perform a pre-jump on the ground. It's most commonly called a dirt dive. They walk through the skydive on the ground while talking about what they will do on the jump and then what they will do if the jump doesn't go as planned. The Jump Master is a highly skilled skydiver. The Jump Master has over 500 skydives and licensed by the United States Parachute Association. The Jump Master is in charge of the jumper on the aircraft at all times. He notifies the jumper of the drop zone approaching by giving a one minute warning, a 30 second warning, prepare to jump, and jump signal. The Jump Master also is in charge of checking that you have put your equipment on properly. He checks to see that you have not crossed your leg straps and that your chest strap is fastened securely. Next he checks to see that your ripcord is properly in place, also checks to see that your reserve

Random Sampling Techniques

There are many ways to select a random sample. Four of them are discussed below: Simple Random Sampling: In this sampling technique, each sample of the same size has the same probability of being selected. Such a sample is called a simple random sample. One way to select a simple random sample is by a lottery or drawing. For example, if we need to select 5 students from a class of 50, we write each of the 50 names on a separate piece of paper. Then, we place all 50 names in a hat and mix them thoroughly.Next, we draw 1 name randomly from the hat. We repeat this experiment four more times. The 5 drawn names make up a simple random sample. The second procedure to select a simple random sample is to use a table of random numbers, which has become an outdated procedure. In this age of technology, it is much easier to use a statistical package, such as Minitab, to select a simple random sample. Systematic Random Sampling: The simple random sampling procedure becomes very tedious if the si ze of the population is large.For example, if we need to select 150 households from a list of 45,000, it is very time consuming either to write the 45,000 names on pieces of paper or then select 150 households or to use a table of random numbers. In such cases, it is more convenient to use systematic random sampling. Stratified Random Sampling: Suppose we need to select a sample from the population of a city, and we want households with different income levels to be proportionately represented in the sample.In this case, instead of selecting a simple random sample or a systematic random sample, we may prefer to apply a different technique. First, we divide the whole population into different groups based on income levels. Thus, whenever we observe that a population differs widely in the possession of a characteristic, we may prefer to divide it into different strata and then select one sample from each stratum. We can divide the population on the basis of any characteristic, such as income, expenditure, sex, education, race, employment, or family size.Cluster Sampling: Sometimes the target population is scattered over a wide geographical area. Consequently, if a simple random sample is selected, it may be costly to contact each member of the sample. In such a case, we divide the population into different geographical groups or clusters and as a first step select a random sample of certain clusters from all clusters. We then take a random sample of certain elements from each selected cluster. For example, suppose we are to conduct a survey of households in the state f New York. First, we divide the whole state of New York into, say, 40 regions, which are called clusters or primary units. We make sure that all clusters are similar and, hence, representative of the population. We then select at random, say, 5 clusters from 40. Next, we randomly select certain households from each of these 5 clusters and conduct a survey of these selected households. This is calle d cluster sampling. Note that all clusters must be representative of the population. Random Sampling Techniques There are many ways to select a random sample. Four of them are discussed below: Simple Random Sampling: In this sampling technique, each sample of the same size has the same probability of being selected. Such a sample is called a simple random sample. One way to select a simple random sample is by a lottery or drawing. For example, if we need to select 5 students from a class of 50, we write each of the 50 names on a separate piece of paper. Then, we place all 50 names in a hat and mix them thoroughly.Next, we draw 1 name randomly from the hat. We repeat this experiment four more times. The 5 drawn names make up a simple random sample. The second procedure to select a simple random sample is to use a table of random numbers, which has become an outdated procedure. In this age of technology, it is much easier to use a statistical package, such as Minitab, to select a simple random sample. Systematic Random Sampling: The simple random sampling procedure becomes very tedious if the si ze of the population is large.For example, if we need to select 150 households from a list of 45,000, it is very time consuming either to write the 45,000 names on pieces of paper or then select 150 households or to use a table of random numbers. In such cases, it is more convenient to use systematic random sampling. Stratified Random Sampling: Suppose we need to select a sample from the population of a city, and we want households with different income levels to be proportionately represented in the sample.In this case, instead of selecting a simple random sample or a systematic random sample, we may prefer to apply a different technique. First, we divide the whole population into different groups based on income levels. Thus, whenever we observe that a population differs widely in the possession of a characteristic, we may prefer to divide it into different strata and then select one sample from each stratum. We can divide the population on the basis of any characteristic, such as income, expenditure, sex, education, race, employment, or family size.Cluster Sampling: Sometimes the target population is scattered over a wide geographical area. Consequently, if a simple random sample is selected, it may be costly to contact each member of the sample. In such a case, we divide the population into different geographical groups or clusters and as a first step select a random sample of certain clusters from all clusters. We then take a random sample of certain elements from each selected cluster. For example, suppose we are to conduct a survey of households in the state f New York. First, we divide the whole state of New York into, say, 40 regions, which are called clusters or primary units. We make sure that all clusters are similar and, hence, representative of the population. We then select at random, say, 5 clusters from 40. Next, we randomly select certain households from each of these 5 clusters and conduct a survey of these selected households. This is calle d cluster sampling. Note that all clusters must be representative of the population.

Online hotel reservation Essay

1. Introduction Currently the World is going to be come in once. The introduction of modern computers since 1940’s changing the way people live, learning their environment and the way they gather information, process, and store data and communicate accurate and timely information in their daily activities.  Therefore without using recently technological products especially computers, it is impossible to think about social, cultural and economically development. So in this century using information and communication technology especially the sophisticated and amusing machine known as computer and modern information handling in any aspect is a question of survival. The group member will try the best way to make the complicated process of Online Yeha Hotel as simple as possible using Structured & Modular technique & Menu oriented interface. The members are going to design the software in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using this package & further expansion is possible with out much effort. Even though the group members cannot claim that this work to be entirely exhaustive, the main purpose of our exercise is perform each employee’s activity in computerized way rather than manually which is time consuming. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION Yeha Hotel is one of the business units managed and controlled by BT Digital Business Bridge PLC. It was established in 1993 G.C at Tigray Regional State, Aksum town. The Hotel is a three star hotel located in the outskirts of the city of Aksum on the historic route. 1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Currently the management system of Yeha Hotel is computerized. But, the system is not well developed .It doesn’t include all function like; from where the customer comes, amount of payment for reservation ,what they are doing currently .It the hotel is under several problems that negatively affects the reliability, performance, efficiency and effectiveness of day to day activities. Some of the major problems are:- User cannot reserve things (bed rooms on line) well that they want. The hotel cannot well advertise the service that they give. Users cannot access hotel information. Difficult to insertion& retrieve data faster. Difficult to generate report. Delay of information in collecting & processing of customers’ data. To solve the above problems the group members are going to develop a  computerized system to manage the hotel service effectively and efficiently. 1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 1.4. 1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of this project is to solve the above problems by designing and developing an automated dynamic website that can enhance online in case of Yeha hotel. 1.4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE To change the manual file handling system in to advanced method of computerized system To reserve bed rooms and other services online To access the hotel information To solve complicated problems that faced to record the manual system To solve the time, cost and man power needed to job performance To provide efficient service to the new customers To solve data redundancy To keep data security and reliability To need fast data insertion & retrieval 1.5. Methodology 1.5.1. SYSTEM DEVLOPMENT METHODOLOGY The team members use waterfall approach since it provide great opportunity for user to participate in the development process, has extensibility feature. Programming tools HTML (Macromedia Dreamweaver 8) JSP (Net Beans IDE 7.1.1) Microsoft Office Notepad Microsoft windows7 Different browsers (e.g. Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome and internet explorer) HARDWARE USED Computer Digital camera Flash disc 1.5.2. FACT FINDING METHOD During information gathering the group members have used a number of  techniques that helps us to get full information about the system. These techniques are:- 1.5.2.1. OBSERVATION The team members have observed physically by going to the place. Also the team has seen that there was no any well-developed computerized system in the hotel and also information about the hotel and the service that the hotel provides were not available easily. The team also observes that reservation is only by face to face or by using phone. 1.5.2.2. INTERVIEW The other most important method that helps us to get most important and critical information about the general view of the hotel is by interviewing manager of the hotel and receptionist of the hotel. (Example:-how do you work currently? 1.5.2.3. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS The form that is used currently has significant importance in crating easiest way of analyzing the newly developed system. 1.6. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT Yeha hotel gives several services like, generate report, employee payment, making reservation, and give guaranty for the customer property, food order, and employee selection, introduce hotel service, security for the garden, check availability. But for now we only focuses on making reservation, Check availability, and reserved, room information, introduce hotel service and register customer. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT Due to different reasons like shortage of time, lack of materials (hardware and software), and others, our project do not implement the whole services. These services are: Employee selection Don’t include branch hotels Employee payment 1.8. OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT After finishing the project it will give a lot of advantages for the hotel as well as the customer and the society. Those advantages include the following things:- Well organized documentation for the hotel Well-developed web site 1.9. OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT The outcome of the project can be seen in many directions as: – The society able to get fast and better service Well organized administration Easy to access information from the hotel Introduce the hotel as internationally Avoiding conflict between workers 1.10 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1.10.1 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY Our project is feasible because there is no lose of collections of data To reduce number of employee or worker in the system as result it reduces the outcome (money) in the system.

Special Character Chart for German

Special Character Chart for German Both PC and Mac users sooner or later confront this problem: How do I get à ¶, Ä, à ©, or ß out of my English-language keyboard? While Mac users dont have the problem to the same degree, they too can be left wondering which option key combination will produce a  « or a  » (the special German quotation marks). If you want to display German or other special characters  on a Web page using HTML, then you have yet another problem- which we also solve for you in this section. The chart below will clarify the special German character codes for both Macs and PCs. But first a few comments on how to use the codes: Apple/Mac OS X The Mac option key allows users to easily type most foreign letters and symbols on a standard English-language Apple keyboard. But how do you know which option combination will produce which letter? After you get past the easy ones (option u a ), how do you discover the others? In Mac OS X you can use the  Character Palette. To view the Character Palette you click on the Edit menu (in an application or in the Finder) and select Special Characters. The Character Palette will appear. It not only shows the codes and letters, but also how they appear in various font styles. In Mac OS X theres also an Input Menu (under System Preferences International) that allows you to select various foreign-language keyboards, including standard German and Swiss German. The International control panel also allows you to set your language options.   Apple/ Mac OS 9 Instead of the Character Palette, the older Mac OS 9 has Key Caps. That feature lets you see which keys produce which foreign symbols. To view Key Caps, click on the multicolored Apple symbol at the top left, scroll down to Key Caps and click. When the Key Caps window is visible, press the option/alt key to see the special characters it produces. Pressing the shift key and option simultaneously will reveal yet another set of letters and symbols. Windows - Most Versions On a Windows PC, the Alt option offers a way to type special characters on the fly. But you need to know the keystroke combination that will get you each special character. Once you know the Alt0123 combination, you can use it to type an ß, an , or any other special symbol. (See our Alt-code chart for German below.) In the related feature,  Can Your PC Speak German?, I explain in detail how to find the combination for each letter, but the chart below will save you the trouble. In the same feature, I explain how to select various languages/keyboards in Windows. Character Codes for German These codes work with most fonts. Some fonts may vary. For the PC codes, always use the numeric (extended) keypad on the right of your keyboard and not the row of numbers at the top. (On a laptop you may have to use num lock and the special number keys.) For this German character, type: German letter/symbol PC Code Alt + Mac Code option + 0228 u, then a 0196 u, then A e, acute accent 0233 e 0246 u, then o 0214 u, then O 0252 u, then u 0220 u, then U sharp s, es-zett 0223 s

GM Crops essays

GM Crops essays Imagine growing the most powerful crop in the world to benefit mankind! You are probably wondering, how can this be possible? This method is called GM crops or named genetically modified crops. Few general questions are asked about this new biotechnology. First question is, what is this or what is this method? Second, question may be, is product beneficial or desirable? Thirdly, are there any risks involved in this new biotechnology? These three questions will be discussed in this paper. The first thing might be some general history and background of GM crops. It was first introduced in 1996 for commercial production. Today, these crops are planted on more than 109 million acres worldwide (Pew initiative on food and biotechnology. 2002). The largest producers of GM crops are in the United States, while Canada came in close second. The United States has two thirds of GM crops (p. 2). In 1999, it had grown to 350 million acres worldwide. This rapid increase grew concerns in Europe over the health and environmental impacts. With all this in mind, businesses had to change labeling, planting, marketing, and other things to sell and inform the consumers (Peterson, G. In addition, what are the GM crops? The scientists will select desired gene or genes from donor organisms and inject these traits into recipient organisms without the long process of cross-pollination trails that emerge with the same result (English Nature. 2000). The genetically modified organisms are the biological characteristics, through means other than conventional breeding programs or natural selection (p.2). These advances in biotechnology have allowed scientist to accomplish genetic alter...

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths

Introduction to Evergreen Bagworm Moths If you are unfamiliar with bagworm, you might never notice it on the evergreens in your yard. Cleverly disguised in their bags made from the foliage of the host tree, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis larvae feed on cedars, arborvitae, junipers, and other favorite landscape trees. Description Despite its nickname, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis is not a worm, but a moth. The bagworm lives its entire life cycle inside the safety of its bag, which it constructs with silk and interwoven bits of foliage. The larval form appears worm-like, hence the name bagworm. Identifying bagworm in the landscape requires a good eye capable of recognizing their excellent camouflage. Because bagworm usually infests evergreen trees, the brown bags may be overlooked at first, appearing like seed cones. Look for suspicious cone-shaped bundles of dried brown foliage, up to 2 inches long, that match the trees needles or leaves. Only the adult male moth leaves the protection of its bag when ready to mate. The moth is black, with clear wings that span roughly an inch across. Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class – Insecta Order – Lepidoptera Family - Psychidae Genus - Thyridopteryx Species - ephemeraeformis Bagworm Diet Bagworm larvae feed on the foliage of both evergreen and deciduous trees, especially these favorite host plants: cedar, arborvitae, juniper, and false cypress. In the absence of these preferred hosts, bagworm will eat the foliage of just about any tree: fir, spruce, pine, hemlock, sweetgum, sycamore, honey locust, and black locust. Adult moths do not feed, living just long enough to mate. Life Cycle Bagworm, like all moths, undergoes complete metamorphosis with four stages. Egg:Â  In late summer and fall, the female lays up to 1,000 eggs in her case. She then leaves her bag and drops to the ground; the eggs overwinter.Larva:Â  In late spring, larvae hatch and disperse on silken threads. They immediately begin feeding and constructing their own bags. As they grow, the larvae enlarge their bags by adding more foliage. They stay within the safety of their bags, sticking their heads out to feed and carrying the bags from branch to branch. Frass falls out of the bottom end of the cone-shaped bag through an opening. Pupa:Â  When the larvae reach maturity in late summer and prepare to pupate, they attach their bags to the underside of a branch. The bag is sealed shut, and the larvae turn to head down inside the bag. The pupal stage lasts four weeks.Adult:Â  In September, adults emerge from their pupal cases. Males leave their bags to fly in search of mates. Females have no wings, legs, or mouthparts, and remain within their bags. Special Adaptations and Defenses The bagworms best defense is its camouflage bag, worn throughout its life cycle. The bag allows otherwise vulnerable larvae to move freely from place to place. Female moths, though confined to their bags, attract mates by releasing strong sex pheromones. Males leave their bags to find partners when they sense the chemical alert from females. Habitat Bagworms live anywhere suitable host plants are available, especially forests or landscapes with cedar, juniper, or arborvitae. In the U.S., bagworms range from Massachusetts south to Florida, and west to Texas and Nebraska. This pest is native to North America.

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism Essay

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism - Essay Example Some of the subjective factors are age, education, economic status, gender, etc and the objective factors are cultural, social, economic, environmental ones. Indeed a volunteer tourist’s perception of a destination is supposed to be influenced by both subjective and objective factors. An in-depth knowledge of the factors that influence the tourist demography’s perception of destinations can help both the entrepreneurs and the academicians in this sector. Rationales for the Research In current tourism discourses, ‘volunteerism’ or ‘volunteer tourism’ is a nascent idea that is related to a wide range of socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns. During these days, the growing individual interest in the alluring yields of alternative tourism in response to the lacks of mass tourism has drawn increasing academic as well as commercial attention to the idea of volunteer tourism. On one hand, modern tourism industry increasingly shifts its at tention from the conventional mass tourism to the volunteer tourism utilizing the consumers’ interest in unique tourism experiences and on the other hand, the frontiers of tourism industry are constantly confronted with the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns while propounding an all embracive definition, of volunteer tourism, that necessarily will define its relationships with those concerns. Since the term â€Å"volunteer tourism† is more of the generalization of a tourism concept that serves as an alternative to the concept of a mass conventional tourism, it appears to be the premise for other particular tourism products such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, etc that include volunteer components and authenticity of experiences more than conventional mass tourism can offer. Indeed though the tourism industry and its role as direct tourism service providers are quite adaptable with the concept of mass tourism, tourist industry and vol unteer tourism are conceptually contrastive with each other, since volunteer tourists want to â€Å"benefit from displaced self-understanding and the freedom to go beyond the limits that frontiers [of tourism industries] present† (Wearing, 2001:2). Therefore, whereas mass tourism allows the operators of tourism industries to exert control over the tourists’ activities to adhere to the socio-cultural and environmental protection protocols, to an extent that is greater than the volunteer tourism products allow the operators, since the freedom-zeal expected by the volunteer tourists is in direct contrast with such control. It seems that the tourism industry operators are thrown in endless struggle to make them more flexible and adaptable with these expectations meet the tourists’ expectations freedom to go beyond the limitation of conventional tourism industry, as Igor Ackerberg and Parkpoom Prapasawudi say, â€Å"Currently, the sector is moving toward higher comm ercialization with more profit-oriented companies offering volunteer tourism packages, making the study of volunteer tourists’ perception

Constitutional Law Research Paper (Mock Case Study aka Memorandum of

Constitutional Law Research Paper (Mock aka Memorandum of the Law) - Case Study Example The detectives arrested Sam for violating parole and for possession of child pornography. The warrant was issued on application of affidavit by Detective Tom Murray, who used false information that Sam was not living he had agreed to his release on parole. Tom had lied that the residence was vacant and that Sam had violated parole, although he knew that Sam was living in the same apartment as he had declared during his release. The detectives who made the arrested were not aware that Tom Murray had gotten the arrest warrant after presenting false information on Sam in his affidavit. The investigators seized evidence on child pornography as there were hundreds of child pornography images in Sams bedroom, and there was some evidence that Sam was communicating with children over the internet. However, the issuance of the execution of the search was valid under the Fourth Amendment of criminal justice. Following the exception that the search was in good faith, and the search was reasonab le enough to warrant a recovery of sufficient evidence against Sam Mark criminal behavior. From the exception named above, the detectives had the right to go access Sams residence to confirm that Sam was not indeed living in the declared home (Beatson, 2006). The search led to the discovery of the evidence that incriminated him as a child sex predator. The agents took the time to go through the Sams computer as well in search of more evidence against Sam. Sam is not guilty of violating parole under the evidence provided by Tom in the affidavit, but is according to the evidence gathered as a result of the warrant that Tom acquired. The search warrant was reasonable and in good faith. Tom applied for the search warrant under a suspicion that Sam was involved in child abuse in his house as is demonstrated below. Rule 41 (a) of 18 United States Constitution states that search warrants shall only be issued ‘upon the request of a federal law enforcement

Strategic Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Hospitality Management - Essay Example Planning, leading, directing, supervising and regulating of activities related to the strategy are essential parts of strategic management process. Planning is the most important phenomenon in strategic management that maintains the foremost significance in respect of presenting the outline of the strategy. Hence, selection of corporate scheme, establishment of goals and objectives, identification of strategic options, planning and allocation of resources, organizational structure and design, managing structure change, and in-depth analyses of corporate environment are included in strategic management process. Both external and internal analyses play imperative part in strategic management process. Internal influences include strengths and weakness of a firm, while external influences include opportunities a corporate firm enjoys as well as the threats and challenges it undergoes from its competitors during the exercise of its strategic scheme. Every organization, whether large or small, or local or international, devises strategy keeping in view the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. For instance, the unabated popularity, wide range of consumers, universality and unique brand serve as the strength of the Coca-Cola Company (TCCC). Similarly, Red Hat’s work force, innovative ideas and extraordinary technical skills include among its strengths. On the other hand, health damages, high price and banishment of tobacco consumption include the weaknesses of international brand Marlboro. In the same way, fulfillment of the demands of wide range of consumer in all parts of th e world along with unique products, swift changes according to the latest challenges and production of new technological equipments are the opportunities before world famous brand Microsoft Corporation. In addition, ban of the products of Danish commodities in Muslim countries are the threats faced by the north European countries while entering the global markets. It is therefore

Ben&Jerry's VS. Haagen Daz Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ben&Jerry's VS. Haagen Daz - Term Paper Example On the basis of the entire analysis, this paper will provide some recommendation to Ben’s and Jerry’s regarding its marketing strategies. Review of Ben’s and Jerry’s- a competitive analysis Ice cream of Ben and Jerry has started their journey in a well to do manner. Actually there were two people named Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield who wished to make bagels, but they found their decision to be very expensive in order to fulfill it and so they opted to make ice creams instead of bagels. (Ben and Jerry’s p. 1) Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield have used special characters in order to promote their brand and also which are simple to pronounce, recognize and also can be remembered for long time. Their brand logo had cow and green environment behind which depicts awareness of quality and benefits. Ben and Jerry have always tried to acknowledge their customers that they always use natural and fresh milk while keeping the environment completely clean and gre en at the time of producing ice creams. In order to prove and promote their mission, Ben and Jerry have used special slogan like â€Å"From cow to Cone†, â€Å"Lick Global Warming†, †Organic Ben & Jerry’s†, and â€Å"50 Ways to Promote Peace†. (Ben and Jerry’s p. ... Thus, it will be more interesting for them to see â€Å"Organics, low sugar, or low fat Ice Cream†. (MarketingWeek p.1) In order to promote and develop their brand, Ben and Jerry is using the brand extension policy. They have produced thousand of ice cream flavors under the name of one successful brand, which of course is â€Å"Ben & Jerry’s†. They have extended its brand to organic ice cream, original ice cream, scoops menu, bars original ice cream, single original ice cream, and single novelties with different choice of taste in each product. (MarketingWeek p. 1; Ben and Jerry’s p. 1) But the journey of Ben and Jerry was not so smooth as their ice cream blends. They had a hard and fierce competition with a brand named Haagen-Dazs. These two brands have dominated the global premium ice cream market and one would be shocked to observe that the two companies could be so similar yet so different in various angles. Haagen-Dazs does claim to use the best ingre dients, from all over the world.    They also claim to use pure ingredients.    Haagen-Dazs started out in the 1920’s and in 1983, Haagen-Dazs was bought by  Pillsbury.    Haagen-Dazs was the first to market ice cream bars for a more adult crowd. Haagen-Dazs were the pioneers in the market for creating distinctive and indulgent taste experiences by marketing to an untapped segment - the adult ice cream lovers. The Haagen-Dazs brand quickly developed a loyal following. Its early success was created by word of mouth and praise. They do not, however, have the fun and creative names, which means Vanilla Swiss Almond is not something that is going to catch your eye and make you remember it. But some of their flavors are

Housing and the Inclusive Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Housing and the Inclusive Society - Essay Example In addition, private rented sector has actively participated in creating opportunities for provision of adequate homes that are accessible and convenient for in terms of prices and affordability to socially excluded groups. According to the EU, social inclusion involves a process of including people in societal activities who risk exclusion through poverty, unemployment, or homelessness; this includes exclusion from participation in decision-making processes (Spandler, 2007; European Commission, 2010). In this paper, there will be a discussion on the contribution of the private rented sector in promoting social inclusion or social exclusion, followed by an evaluation of the lesson learnt by social housing about social inclusion. Effect of Private Rented Sector on Social exclusion Private rented sector is usually a commercially operated environment such that those providing social housing must look forward to making profits. In this case, the State does not have a direct role in dicta ting housing provision, but can only provide guidelines on housing standards that landlords should meet. Therefore, it is a common phenomenon to see housing providers excluding some people based on various reasons (Hayes, Gray and Edwards, 2008; Le Grand, 2003). First, in relation to rental fees (price), allocation of housing may exclude some people based on their incomes. For instance, rental charges may be prohibitive for low-income earners, as well as those people who do not get housing benefits from their employment (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Another factor of housing allocation that promotes social exclusion is facilities allocation in housing such that the landlords usually fix heating and fuel systems within houses, which make accommodation expensive. In this case, tenants may be rebuffed from accessing housing due to extra cost of heating and fuel, or they may have to dedicate much of their resources to such costs in expense of other basic needs (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Thirdl y, social housing may discriminate disabled population from accessing housing due to the architectural design of houses. It is evident that majority of houses are constructed without consideration the accessibility of wheelchair users to the buildings; the same can be said for blind people. Fourthly, there are instances when landlord put conditions on who should be rented accommodation. For instance, landlords, driven by desire to make money and avoid the stress of demanding delayed or unpaid rent, may decide that only people from a certain level of income, certain employment sectors, race, religion or sexual orientation should be provided with housing, thus discriminating against those who do not qualify (Kleinman, 1998), despite this being unlawful. Fifthly, it is possible that some people will not have sufficient information on where to secure housing of their class and in such cases, they may be excluded from housing. For instance, potential tenants may find it difficult locatin g affordable housing especially in new and unfamiliar locations, thus finding themselves occupying houses that are beyond their reach (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Finally, private rented houses may not be equitably allocated in terms of location, with such houses being concentrated or exclusively located in certain areas. In this case, although it may be motivated by issues such as security, people who have to make

Editing Practices of Robert Loomis and Strauss-Gabel Essay

Editing Practices of Robert Loomis and Strauss-Gabel - Essay Example The editing practices and approaches between the two editors cum publishers are inconsistent. It is because they practiced editing at different generations and times. Loomis practiced editing earlier than Strauss-Gabel, who is to date actively involved in editing. Loomis approached the practice of editing in a classic and old-fashioned. His approach was understated as well as uncanny, polite as well as persistent and fierce/tough as well as tender. His approach in the practice of editing was thus diametrically opposed to that employed by Strauss-Gabel, which was less old-fashioned but instead more modern. She approached editing in a manner that was strictly tough, intimidating and offered stinging critiques. She believed it was the only way to get the best result from editing. Loomis, on the other hand, had a look warm approach of neither tough nor soft (Norton 67).In my view, the two editors shared a common strategy of getting the best results by actively collaborating with the writ er. Their editing practices, approaches, and techniques were aimed at working collaboratively with authors in the development phases of the books. It was to make sure that the editing and design of the book were best suited to for its marketing. It led to them becoming highly sought after by many authors. Their editing practices stood out from the rest and were highly successful. Their strategies and approach to the practice of editing has enabled them nurture writers and be a mentor for fellow editors in the general industry of publishing.

Housing and the Inclusive Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Housing and the Inclusive Society - Essay Example In addition, private rented sector has actively participated in creating opportunities for provision of adequate homes that are accessible and convenient for in terms of prices and affordability to socially excluded groups. According to the EU, social inclusion involves a process of including people in societal activities who risk exclusion through poverty, unemployment, or homelessness; this includes exclusion from participation in decision-making processes (Spandler, 2007; European Commission, 2010). In this paper, there will be a discussion on the contribution of the private rented sector in promoting social inclusion or social exclusion, followed by an evaluation of the lesson learnt by social housing about social inclusion. Effect of Private Rented Sector on Social exclusion Private rented sector is usually a commercially operated environment such that those providing social housing must look forward to making profits. In this case, the State does not have a direct role in dicta ting housing provision, but can only provide guidelines on housing standards that landlords should meet. Therefore, it is a common phenomenon to see housing providers excluding some people based on various reasons (Hayes, Gray and Edwards, 2008; Le Grand, 2003). First, in relation to rental fees (price), allocation of housing may exclude some people based on their incomes. For instance, rental charges may be prohibitive for low-income earners, as well as those people who do not get housing benefits from their employment (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Another factor of housing allocation that promotes social exclusion is facilities allocation in housing such that the landlords usually fix heating and fuel systems within houses, which make accommodation expensive. In this case, tenants may be rebuffed from accessing housing due to extra cost of heating and fuel, or they may have to dedicate much of their resources to such costs in expense of other basic needs (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Thirdl y, social housing may discriminate disabled population from accessing housing due to the architectural design of houses. It is evident that majority of houses are constructed without consideration the accessibility of wheelchair users to the buildings; the same can be said for blind people. Fourthly, there are instances when landlord put conditions on who should be rented accommodation. For instance, landlords, driven by desire to make money and avoid the stress of demanding delayed or unpaid rent, may decide that only people from a certain level of income, certain employment sectors, race, religion or sexual orientation should be provided with housing, thus discriminating against those who do not qualify (Kleinman, 1998), despite this being unlawful. Fifthly, it is possible that some people will not have sufficient information on where to secure housing of their class and in such cases, they may be excluded from housing. For instance, potential tenants may find it difficult locatin g affordable housing especially in new and unfamiliar locations, thus finding themselves occupying houses that are beyond their reach (Hulse and Burke, 2000). Finally, private rented houses may not be equitably allocated in terms of location, with such houses being concentrated or exclusively located in certain areas. In this case, although it may be motivated by issues such as security, people who have to make

Impact of Illegal Immigrant Workers on the US Economy Essay Example for Free

Impact of Illegal Immigrant Workers on the US Economy Essay Illegal immigration is tightly woven into the fabric of the US economy. Its prevalence impacts all corners of the financial world, but affects the greatest impact on educational funding, healthcare expenditures and taxes. Illegal immigration tends to be viewed from extreme viewpoints in our country often influenced more by personal biases and political opinions than statistical facts. In reality, the positive and negative effects nearly neutralize each other and it has become a delicate balancing act for politicians to create and maintain a system that works to please both sides and retain economic stability. Illegal immigrants are defined as anyone who is not a US citizen and who is in the country in violation of our immigration laws; this could mean anyone who has entered the country undocumented or falsely documented, those with expired visas or any permanent resident who commits a crime after entry and remains after deportation orders. It is virtually impossible to report exactly how many illegal immigrants reside in the country since they deal with fears of deportation they don’t readily identify themselves, but the INS, Census Bureau, and US General Accounting office estimates put the number somewhere between 2 and 12 million. There is also likely fluctuation based on time of year depending on availability of agricultural work. Most of the illegal immigration debate over the last two decades has focused on Mexican immigrants and California has been used as a model for influencing regulations across the country. This is due to the fact that in the US those of Mexican origin account for over 54% of all illegal immigrants and that California houses over 40% of the illegal immigrant population. This is important to recognize because many of the arguments and proposed or passed laws with regards to this issue stem from the Mexican immigration dilemma in California. (Here is what I could recover- I can get it done by Sunday on the school computers if it will make your due date- I am so sorry again. . . I have been freaking out ‘cause of my computer and then I was stuck at work and couldn’t get to any computer all day yesterday.)

Relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and obesity have been highest in the most serious threats in worlds health. Diabetes is now one of the serious chronic diseases which have affected many of the Australians as it is the sixth highest cause of the death by disease in Australia (â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity still on the Rise† 2007). It is caused by the constant increase in the blood glucose level in the body due to the inability to either produce or properly use insulin, which lead to many complications which can be acute and long term (Greenbaum Harrison, 2008, pg. 1). According to the recent data, it has been shown that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes has been doubled from the last studies. This disease and it complications were found to 8% of the total burden of disease in Australia in 2003 such as person with diabetes is at twice at the risk of developing cardiovascular, eye and kidney disease (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). This article is mainly based on the data from 200-08 National Health Survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It involves type 2 diabetes related factors such as demographics, medical history, height, weight, smoking, and physical activity. In 2007-08, national health survey estimated that 818,200 people or 4% of the population have been diagnosed with diabetes which excludes gestational diabetes (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2009). By comparing this data with data from 2004-05, it has been increased by 0.5% that is number of people reporting to have diabetes is increased from 700,000 to 818,200 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Recent national data indicate that with every one diagnosed case, there is one undiagnosed case (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes as people diagnosed with diabetes, 88% reported to have this type 2 diabetes where as only reported to have type 1 diabetes. The other 2% left was not being diagnosed with particular type of diabetes. Even though there is increase in number cases of developing this disease, there is also improvement in early detection of this disease and people are living longer (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2009). There are more cases of type 2 diabetes since 2004-05 survey, it increased from 83% to 88% in total diagnosed diabetes. Type 2 diabetes increases in obesity and physically inactive lifestyles, and with the age. Diabetes is more prevalent among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as compared to non-Indigenous people. Demography does play a role in diabetes prevalence as it was least prevalent among people born in north-west Europe (2.7%) as compared to people born in southern and central Asia (8.7%). Be ing overweight and lack of physical activity can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). The majority of diabetes is classified into two types that is type 1 which is insulin dependent diabetes and second is type 2 which is insulin independent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes can be defined as an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells which slows or stops the production of insulin in the body. Type2 diabetes can result from insulin resistance that is inability to use insulin properly or insulin deficiency that is inability to produce adequate amount of insulin in the body (Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Research, 2007, p. 1). This type 2 diabetes is responsible for 85-90% of all diabetes (Greenbaum Harrison, 2008, pg. 1). Due to the inadequate insulin production, body could convert sugar which is present in the blood in the energy needed for that body. After eating, body need insulin which is produced by pancreas to transport sugar from the blood into the cells and also to inhibit the production of glucose produced in liver. When inadequate insulin is produced by the bod y, glucose is overproduced by the liver which stays in the blood. This cause high blood sugar level which damage blood vessels and body organs (â€Å"Diabetes Type 2† n.d.). Type2 diabetes can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Some genes can cause impaired insulin production in the body and family history can also increase the risk of developing diabetes. Other lifestyle factors such as poor diet, obesity and lack exercise can also cause diabetes. Obesity is the most common factor which is found in most the people suffering from type2 diabetes (â€Å"Diabetes Type 2† n.d.). Obesity defined as having body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity is the major risk factor for the type2 diabetes that is more is the body mass index (BMI) greater is the risk of diabetes which is also associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidaemia (Marks, Coyne, Pang, 2001). As per the research 90% of the people suffering from diabetes are obese or overweight (World Health Organization, 2005). As per researched statistics, over 7 million Australians adults were obese in 2004-2005. Obesity is a serious health problem which is mainly influenced by various risk factors such as heredity, diet, and lack of exercise. Type 2 diabetes cases in 2009 versus Body Mass Index Data sourced from (â€Å"Australian National Diabetes Information Audit and Benchmarking†, 2009, pg. 139). This graph above shows the increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes with an increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) that is BMI greater than 30 is at the highest risk of developing diabetes type 2. Insulin resistance Insulin resistance refers to metabolic abnormality state in which body cells become insensitive to insulin. Inability of cells to utilise insulin to enhance glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue can lead to high blood glucose level. This insulin resistance is mainly associated with abdominal obesity and high blood pressure (Dolson, 2010). This insulin resistance can be both genetic and acquired. Impairment in insulin receptor signal transduction pathways can decrease the biological response to insulin which will ultimately affect glucose uptake and increase in blood glucose (Surampudi, Kalarickal Fonseca, 2009, p.218). Acquired insulin resistance is associated with obesity which can result from circulating free fatty acid that disrupt insulin signal pathways and resists insulin action to transport glucose in muscles which cause type 2 diabetes. (Guilherme, Virbasius, Puri Czech, 2008, p.367). There are more factors which are involved such as fat distribution, genetic susceptibility and some metabolic problems. Fat distribution Body fat can be divided into two parts, first is subcutaneous fat which accounts 80% of the total body fat where as other 20% is visceral fat which lies within thorax, abdomen and pelvis (Langin et al, 2009). This visceral fat is the main contributor to the problems such obesity. This visceral fat increase the production of adipocytokines, which cause the inflammation and insulin resistance and also reduce the secretion if insulin sensitizing adipocytokines. Hepatic and muscle insulin resistance can be caused by the increased amount of free fatty acids in the portal and systemic circulation system (Bays et al, 2004). Study revealed that distribution of the abdominal fat is more effective in diagnosing diabetes than the total abdominal fat. Through CT scanning, they found that the diabetics had greater amount of intra-abdominal fat than non-diabetic groups with the mean difference of 14.1 cm3. Stieler and Yelland (2009) elaborates that the abdominal fat within the peritoneum layer is more common with diabetic patient that non-diabetic patients. Free fatty acids Lipolysis refers to breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids which is more frequent in visceral tissue than the subcutaneous fat. When fat mass increases, it increases the rate of lipolysis which is more common in obese people and those with type 2 diabetes. These free fatty acids stimulate gluconeogenesis and can lead to insulin resistance and also reduce the insulin secretion. The ability of ÃŽ ² cells to secrete sufficient insulin so as to compensate insulin resistance in the individual to maintain their normal blood glucose level will help to determine that whether the person will remain insulin resistant with normal glucose level or will the person develop type2 diabetes (Whitmore, 2010, p.880-881). Adipocytokines Adipose tissue in the body helps for the fat storage which increases insulin sensitivity by secreting large amount of cytokines and other related hormones. Bays et al (2004) states that in type2 diabetes, due to the reduced secretion of adipocytokines and increased production of inflammatory cytokines can cause adipocyte dysfunction. To prevent this dysfunction, it is important to control cytokines in the body system. As per Dewan Wilding (2005), these hormones can be controlled by reducing body weight/mass. Adipose tissue plays an important role in balancing glucose level in the body in both normal and disease body state. It helps to secrete appropriate level of adipokines which influence metabolism in the whole body and neuroendocrine control of the behaviours related to feeding. It also helps to store lipids as adipose triglycerides which reduce the harmful effects of both circulating free fatty acids and ectopic triglycerides stores. In the normal body, adipocytes help to synthesise and store triglycerides during feeding whereas in fasting stage, it help to hydrolyse and release triglycerides as free fatty acids and glycerol. In most lean individuals, insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake is normal in skeleton muscles. In obese body, deposition of triglycerides increases due to high caloric intake which cause adipocytes enlargement. Due to this enlargement, adipocytes continue to store further triglycerides even in fasting stage. As the adiposity increases, it affects adequate funct ioning of adipocytes as endocrine cells. The development of inflammatory state in adipose tissue due to large amount cytokines secreted by adipocytes can cause insulin resistance. Accumulated triglycerides in the form of long chain in skeleton muscles disrupt normal metabolic and secretory function of these tissues. Due to prolonged high caloric intake can cause inflammatory response which ultimately leads to adipocyte dysfunction (Guilherme, Virbasius, Puri Czech, 2008, p.368-369). Prevention/ management of Type 2 diabetes Poor dietary habits decreased physical activity and obesity can increase the risk of developing diabetes as it affects insulin action or secretion in the body system. Therefore it is important to control the unwanted weight gain. To address the significant growth of type 2 diabetes and to lower its risk, Council of Australian Governments announced the Prevention of type 2 diabetes program in April 2007. To address risk for type 2 diabetes, health practitioners use Australian type 2 diabetes risk assessment tool (AUSDRISK) which help to prioritize people with high risk of developing this diseases. Some of the other program which assists in prevention of type 2 diabetes is lifestyle modification program (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2010). Australian type 2 diabetes risk assessment tool (AUSDRISK) which will help to get a score from the question related to ones life. If a person scores more than 12 points in AUSDRISK, than that person may have undiagnosed type 2 diabetes or is at high risk of developing this disease (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2010). Lifestyle modification programs help participants to make positive lifestyle changes which include diabetes risk factors, nutrition advice and education, goal setting for weight loss, energy balance, physical activity goals and encouraging participants to self-monitor their progress (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2011). National health survey, 2007-08 showed that 61.4% of the Australian population are either overweight or obese in which 25.6% of males and 24% of females were classified as obese (Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing, 2010). It is not possible to change specific risk factors like age and genetic background but it still possible to minimise the risk of developing this disease by maintaining healthy weight, healthy eating such as eating plenty of vegetable, fruits and high fibre cereal products every day, and by increasing physical activity. Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked to obesity as recent data showed that 80-90% of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are over-weight or obese. International studies revealed that regular physical activity of at least 30 minutes and 5-7% of weight loss can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by 60% (â€Å"Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity still on the Rise† 2007). This weight loss can reduce the risk of related comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnoea and obesity-related malignancy by improving blood glucose level and blood pressure. People with type 2 diabetes will need to work 50% more than non-diabetic people to lose weight it can be a slower process as compared to general population and will be more difficult for the obese patient suffering from type 2 diabetes (Whitmore, 2010, p.881). Using pharmacotherapy for obesity like orlistat that works well by blocking the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides and inhibit fat absorption. Bariatric surgery can also be one of the option for the patient with BMI more than 35 kg/m2 (Whitmore, 2010, p.884-885). Conclusion Obesity and type 2 diabetes are strongly linked as obese person is at the higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than the normal person with the healthy weight. Healthy weight, healthy eating and regular physical activity will improve insulin sensitivity, blood glucose level and the other health related issues such as cardiovascular risk factors. Weight management will the best way to reduce the risk of developing this disease. By using the AUSDRISK and diabetes related programs initiated by Australian government will help to prevent type 2 diabetes.

Landmines :: essays research papers

Landmines A recent report on the ban the production and the use of landmines which appeared in the International Post caught my attention. Credit for the lucidly written report should be given to Ms Kazka, a colleague of mine, who illuminated the pertinent issues involved in the controversy revolving the production of landmines. Although the Philippines is fortunate enough not to have experienced the anguish of states like Afghanistan and Bosnia, we as a nation, averse at atrocities brought about by warfare, should contribute to the advancement of this noble cause of banning the production, the use and the demining of landmines. As Ms Kazka reported, each day landmines kill or wound an estimated 75 people worldwide. Ninety percent of these victims are civilians. Among the victims may be a teenage girl gathering firewood in Cambodia. A grandfather herding sheep in Afghanistan. Or a boy running across an empty field in Angola. What makes antipersonnel mines so abhorrent is the indiscriminate destruction they cause. Mines cannot be aimed. They lie dormant until a person or animal triggers their detonating mechanism. Antipersonnel mines cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child. Those who survive the initial blast usually require amputations, long hospital stays, and extensive rehabilitative services. These people do not usually recover from the psychological strain that the explosions cause. Moreover, they are discriminated by people in their respective society and are considered lower class people. Vivid images of the leg-less people were described in detail by the report In Cambodia alone there are over 35,000 amputees injured by anti-personnel landmines--and they are the survivors. Many others die in the fields from loss of blood or lack of transport to get medical help. Mine deaths and injuries in the past few decades total in the hundreds of thousands. Landmines are now a daily threat in Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia, Cambodia, Chechnya, Croatia, Iraq, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Somalia, and dozens of other countries. Mines recognize no cease-fire and long after the fighting has stopped they continue to maim or kill. Mines also render large tracts of agricultural land unusable, wreaking environmental and economic devastation. Refugees returning to their war-ravaged countries face this life-threatening obstacle to rebuilding their lives. Leading producers and exporters of antipersonnel mines in the past 25 years include China, Italy, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. More than 50 countries have manufactured as many as 200 million antipersonnel landmines in the last 25 years. Landmines :: essays research papers Landmines A recent report on the ban the production and the use of landmines which appeared in the International Post caught my attention. Credit for the lucidly written report should be given to Ms Kazka, a colleague of mine, who illuminated the pertinent issues involved in the controversy revolving the production of landmines. Although the Philippines is fortunate enough not to have experienced the anguish of states like Afghanistan and Bosnia, we as a nation, averse at atrocities brought about by warfare, should contribute to the advancement of this noble cause of banning the production, the use and the demining of landmines. As Ms Kazka reported, each day landmines kill or wound an estimated 75 people worldwide. Ninety percent of these victims are civilians. Among the victims may be a teenage girl gathering firewood in Cambodia. A grandfather herding sheep in Afghanistan. Or a boy running across an empty field in Angola. What makes antipersonnel mines so abhorrent is the indiscriminate destruction they cause. Mines cannot be aimed. They lie dormant until a person or animal triggers their detonating mechanism. Antipersonnel mines cannot distinguish between the footfall of a soldier and that of a child. Those who survive the initial blast usually require amputations, long hospital stays, and extensive rehabilitative services. These people do not usually recover from the psychological strain that the explosions cause. Moreover, they are discriminated by people in their respective society and are considered lower class people. Vivid images of the leg-less people were described in detail by the report In Cambodia alone there are over 35,000 amputees injured by anti-personnel landmines--and they are the survivors. Many others die in the fields from loss of blood or lack of transport to get medical help. Mine deaths and injuries in the past few decades total in the hundreds of thousands. Landmines are now a daily threat in Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia, Cambodia, Chechnya, Croatia, Iraq, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Somalia, and dozens of other countries. Mines recognize no cease-fire and long after the fighting has stopped they continue to maim or kill. Mines also render large tracts of agricultural land unusable, wreaking environmental and economic devastation. Refugees returning to their war-ravaged countries face this life-threatening obstacle to rebuilding their lives. Leading producers and exporters of antipersonnel mines in the past 25 years include China, Italy, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. More than 50 countries have manufactured as many as 200 million antipersonnel landmines in the last 25 years.

Still Life :: Personal Narrative Papers

Still Life "Each of us is a kind of crossroads where things happen. The crossroads is purely passive, something happens there. A different thing, equally valid happens elsewhere. There is no choice, it is a matter of chance." à  Levi-Strauss "It was boring." "How could you find it boring?" "It just...sat there. Mooned over itself. It was talky." "It was...great. I dunno. I think it says something to people in transition." "Well, I'd hardly think of my life as...I don't know..." "Static?" "Right." My mother, my sister, my father and I walked two blocks, and took the subway back to our hotel. That wasn't the first time I'd seen the movie. The summer I learned how to wear cologne, I was burning my last bridge to the city of Los Angeles, one kiss at a time in a Venice Beach apartment. There was an early cut of Lost In Translation playing on a gaudy television, in a gaudy entertainment center, in a gaudy black leather-smeared den, in a rundown walk-up. You can see without seeing, obviously. I can certainly tell you the converse is true. I'd been working most of that summer as an overnighter in a chic department store catering to aging Westwood matriarchs, leaving the sales floor perfumed with my distaste for high fashion. But I remember, more than anything else from that last tango on Figueroa, Scarlett Johansson in a pink wig, singing "Brass In Pocket" to a dried-up matinee idol. "You know, looking back, I'm beginning to realize...those characters were assholes! How did we like them?" "Maybe they were but...I dunno. I just see something in Charlotte that's so...'I am trapped here, and I don't know it.'" "But Bill Murray! What a fuckin' dick!" "I don't see that. I just...Maybe this rings to me in a way it shouldn't." "I'm not trying to make fun of the movie, I liked the movie too, but you've got to--" "I know. You're very even-handed, Josh, and I'm putting on extra eyeshadow." "Fuck you, you know what I mean." "You workin' today?" "Shit, yeah. Call after you're out of seminar." "Cool." I walk home, and sure as silver, we meet at 7. He is certainly not wrong, but he forgets completely why I, and many others, are completely in love with these two unlikely friends. Chance. The best part of Lost In Translation is not what everyone points out - the imagery, the music, the acting, the sweetness and strangeness of the narrative, but it is how the viewer finds it.

Authority Essay

Define the term â€Å"authority.† What does it mean to be authoritative, and how do you go about establishing whether a source is, indeed, credible? Why is it important to not only invite authorities to speak in your writing, but also to establish your own authority as you write? Authority by definition: the power to give orders or make decisions, or the power or right to direct or control someone or something, or the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people (Merriam-Webster, 2010). Figures of authority are extraordinarily significant to the credibility within any paper. Including citation from members of society with an advanced skill set will not only solidify proposed ideas, but can also aid in swaying an argument (Ballenger, 17). Valid credibility can go a long way in improving the impact a piece makes on its reader. While it is important to include factual information of the writer’s proposed idea, it is equally important to establish a voice within the piece. Each article of information that comes from a professional standpoint can be a stepping stone towards the finished product of the writer’s work. Weaving an authoritative voice simultaneously strengthens the paper as well as the validity of the writer’s work. Lastly, citing authoritative individuals in a piece will grant the permission of their facts without sending the writer towards plagiarism. Although it is often unintentional, plagiarism happens quite frequently. It is imperative to the writer that citations of an authority figure (ie: scholars, researchers, critics, or specialists) are included in their piece to ensure the professionalism of their message can be brought to light using convincing sources.

The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts

Scholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of ethnic conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new light on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including religion, language, history, tradition, myth, and origin. This paper will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic violence. Finally, it will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when implemented judiciously. According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, â€Å"The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,† realist scholar Barry Posen claims that anarchy creates competition and hostility between ethnic, religious and cultural groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical security through the accumulation of resources and military power. Interestingly, Posen notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than material assets in military competition. Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity building which often are inaccurate and biased; thus perpetuating cultural differences and hatred of the other. [1] Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly magnify to warfare when one group coerces or dominates the other militarily or ideologically. Realists, such as Posen do not ignore the fact that â€Å"ideas† are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rather use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence. In his article, â€Å"Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? ,† Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called â€Å"symbolic politics. † According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, â€Å"[ G]roup myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist mobilization. † [2] Kaufman believes that these myths produce â€Å"emotion-laden symbols that make mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to provoke and make extremist policies popular. [3] Both Posen and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their respective theories. According to Posen’s realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a primordial contentious relationship between the Croats and Serbs. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Croats, the Serbs were justifiably fearful for their security. Their ability to mobilize and slight military advantage prompted mutual fear and competition from the Croats, which in turn resulted in the Serbs launching what they perceived to be a preventative war. 4] Kaufman’s symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, â€Å"the struggle for relative group worth†[5] and that charismatic leaders such as Milosevic and Tudjman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. [6] Upon in depth analysis of both scholars’ explanations, I found each to be very similar and plausible. In my opinion, Kaufman’s â€Å"symbolic politics† theory does not undermine Posen’s realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kaufman’s explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical â€Å"myths. †) In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as case studies to further support his symbolic politics theory. The most dominant explanation for ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed that European colonialism created strife by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources; forcing them the compete with each other for survival. While I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, I do not think they are the only ones. After reading Stuart Kaufman’s in depth explanations, I am now convinced that value systems—or lack thereof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict. In Northern Sudan, Islamic values encouraged hostile expansionism of Sharia law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submit to it. Similarly, the creation of hostile myths against the Tutsi minority and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily populations lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by political elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions. Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Posen admits that peacekeeping can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine their past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third party options include: the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. All of these solutions have had success in some areas and failures elsewhere. When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes forced to implement material methods of assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is always a last resort, the use of partitions has become a highly effective but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary purpose; it provides people with meaningful associations and security. Chaim Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive interethnic conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worth undertaking if they are saving the lives that would have been sacrificed if they had not occurred. [7] Critics of the use of partitions such as Radha Kumar argue that they do little to mitigate violence, but instead escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8] In his article, â€Å"When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century,† Chaim Kaufmann does a good job at deconstructing this myth. He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to stay where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only serves as an organizational vehicle which would enable them to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9] Kumar’s arguments are further refuted by Kaufmann’s use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence actually diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India and Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result of the partition, but rather the lack of complete separation between rival groups within those regions. Kaufmann concedes that the case with Israel and Palestine is a special circumstance due to the fact that Palestinian threats are so pervasive that Israel’s existence is dependent on the partition. In contrast, Kumar’s strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its psychological effects are permanent. [10] After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of using partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important. In closing it is important to understand that each case of ethnic conflict studied has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus the causes and solutions to each situation are unique as well. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and security factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence. While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear capability and partitions are effective deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post conflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. But in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building. I’ve arrived at this conclusion, not only through scholarly analysis but also through personal experience. As a fourth generation Jewish American who grew up in the â€Å"melting pot† of New York City, I have been fortunate to witness the success of democratic values first hand. While I understand that constructing civic identities based on universal values of â€Å"liberty and justice for all† may seem like an overly idealistic notion, I need only to look at the success of my country and my city to know that it can be done.